¹¹: International Energy Agency (IEA), “Total Energy Supply by Source, World 1990-2018”, World Energy Balances 2020, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TPESbySource

²²: International Energy Agency (IEA), SDG7: Data and Projections, October 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-dataand-projections/access-to-electricity

³³: Naschert, Camilla, “‘Immune to COVID-19’: Renewables behind 90% of new capacity in 2020 – IEA”, S&P Global Market Intelligence, 10 November 2020, https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/ immune-to-covid-19-renewables-behind-90-of-new-capacity-in-2020-8211-iea-61189791

⁴⁴: International Energy Agency (IEA), Global Energy Review: CO2 Emissions in 2020, https://www.iea.org/articles/globalenergy-review-co2-emissions-in-2020

⁵⁵: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), “SDG Summit, 24-25 September 2019, New York”, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgsummit

⁶⁶: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5°C in the context of sustainable development, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-2/

⁷⁷: Statista, “Average annual OPEC crude oil price from 1960 toi 2021”, 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/262858/ change-in-opec-crude-oil-prices-since-1960/

⁸⁸: Ritchie, Hannah and Max Roser, “Renewable Energy”, Our World In Data, 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/renewableenergy

⁹⁹: ibid.

¹⁰¹⁰: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Energy Transition Investment Trends, 19 January 2021, https://assets.bbhub.io/ professional/sites/24/Energy-Transition-Investment-Trends_Free-Summary_Jan2021.pdf

¹¹¹¹: World Bank, “World GDP 1960-2019”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_ desc=true

¹²¹²: International Energy Agency (IEA), “Total Energy Supply by Source, World 1990-2018”, World Energy Balances 2020, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TPESbySource

¹³¹³: Cherp, Aleh et al. “Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: A meta-theoretical framework”, Energy Research & Social Science, vol. 37, 2018, pp. 175-190

¹⁴¹⁴: For discussion on energy system’s interlinkages with other systems, see Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2019, World Economic Forum

¹⁵¹⁵: European Commission, Energy Prices and Costs in Europe, 14 October 2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0951&from=EN

¹⁶¹⁶: UN News, “Rising inequality affecting more than two-thirds of the globe, but it’s not inevitable: new UN report”, 21 January 2020, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1055681

¹⁷¹⁷: International Labor Organization (ILO), “Employment and the role of workers and employers in a green economy”, World Employment and Social Outlook 2018 – Greening with jobs, https://www.ilo.org/weso-greening/documents/ WESO_Greening_EN_chap2_web.pdf

¹⁸¹⁸: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Energy: A Gender Perspective, January 2019, https://www. irena.org/publications/2019/Jan/Renewable-Energy-A-Gender-Perspective

¹⁹¹⁹: Czako, V., Employment in the Energy Sector, (p.40, section 7), EUR 30186 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/ employment-energy-sector

²⁰²⁰: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Just Transition of the Workforce, and the Creation of Decent Work and Quality Jobs, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Just%20transition.pdf

²¹²¹: Sources: International Renewable Energy Agency, IRENA, “Renewable Energy Employment by Country”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Benefits/Renewable-Energy-Employment-by-Country and World Bank, “Labor Force, Total”, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN

²²²²: Randall, Tom and Hayley Warren, “Peak oil is suddenly upon us”, Bloomberg, 1 December 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us

²³²³: Elgouacem, Assia et al., The fiscal implications of the low-carbon transition, Issue Paper, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 26 November 2019, https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/GGSD_Forum%20 Paper_Fiscal%20Implications.pdf

²⁴²⁴: Fetter, Rob et al., “You can’t fight pandemics without power – electric power”, Brookings Institute, 5 June 2020, https:// www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/06/05/you-cant-fight-pandemics-without-power-electric-power/

²⁵²⁵: Ogunbiyi, Damilola, “Here’s why energy security is a vital tool in tackling a pandemic”, World Economic Forum, 6 April 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/pandemic-energy-access-coronavirus

²⁶²⁶: Source: School of Earth and Environment, Leeds University, UK

²⁷²⁷: World Bank, “World Development Indicators”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS

²⁸²⁸: World Bank, Doing Business 2020, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/688761571934946384/pdf/DoingBusiness-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf

²⁹²⁹: Financial Times, “Blackouts spread beyond Texas as frigid weather knocks out power plants”, 15 February 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/4d07eedc-b3ec-417e-8cb1-5895178c9f9b

³⁰³⁰: Ochiai, Shuhei and Mitsutoshi Masuno, “Facing blackout, Japan’s Tepco asks other sectors for electricity”, Nikkei Asia, 6 January 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Energy/Facing-blackout-Japan-s-Tepco-asks-other-sectors-for-electricity

³¹³¹: Accenture, From Reliability to Resilience: Confronting the Challenges of Extreme Weather, 2020, https://www.accenture. com/_acnmedia/PDF-124/Accenture-Resilience-Extreme-Weather-POV.pdf#zoom=40

³²³²: International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Balances 2020; 2017 GDP PPP data from World Bank: https://data. worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD; Population data from World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.POP.TOTL

³³³³: Konschnik, Katherine and Frances Reuland, “Canada steps up its efforts to reduce methane emissions”, International Energy Agency (IEA), 17 February 2020, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/canada-steps-up-its-efforts-to-reducemethane-emissions

³⁴³⁴: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Energy Transition Investment Trends, 2021, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transitioninvestment/

³⁵³⁵: Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, “Net zero: the scorecard”, 2020, https://eciu.net/analysis/briefings/net-zero/netzero-the-scorecard

³⁶³⁶: Climate Action Tracker, “Methodology Note”, CAT Climate governance series, December 2020, https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/839/2020-12_CAT_ClimateGovernance_Methodology_Note.pdf

³⁷³⁷: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Energy Transition Investment Trends, 2021, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transitioninvestment/

³⁸³⁸: Calculated from: BP, Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energyeconomics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html

³⁹³⁹: Calculated from: Ember, Global Electricity Review, 2020 (data from 2019), https://ember-climate.org/data/globalelectricity/

⁴⁰⁴⁰: International Energy Agency (IEA), Coal 2020, Analysis and forecast to 2025, December 2020, https://www.iea.org/ reports/coal-2020/demand

⁴¹⁴¹: UN News, “Rising inequality affecting more than two-thirds of the globe, but it’s not inevitable: new UN report”, 21 January 2020, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1055681

⁴²⁴²: Vivid Economics, “Green Stimulus Index”, 24 April 2020, https://www.vivideconomics.com/wp-content/ uploads/2020/05/200506-Stimulus-Green-Index-summary-report.pdf

⁴³⁴³: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Emissions Gap Report 2020, 9 December 2020, https://www. unenvironment.org/emissions-gap-report-2020

⁴⁴⁴⁴: The Economist, “The many guises of vaccine nationalism”,11 March 2021, https://www.economist.com/finance-andeconomics/2021/03/13/the-many-guises-of-vaccine-nationalism

⁴⁵⁴⁵: World Bank, “Statement: Putting a Price on Carbon”, 3 June 2014, https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/ document/Carbon-Pricing-Statement-060314.pdf

⁴⁶⁴⁶: Just Transition Centre, Just Transition, A Report for the OECD, May 2017, https://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/g20- climate/collapsecontents/Just-Transition-Centre-report-just-transition.pdf

⁴⁷⁴⁷: European Commission, “The Just Transition Mechanism: making sure no one is left behind”, https://ec.europa.eu/info/ strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/actions-being-taken-eu/just-transition-mechanism_en

⁴⁸⁴⁸: World Economic Forum, “System Value”, https://www.weforum.org/projects/system-value

⁴⁹⁴⁹: Climate Change Committee, “Building back better – Raising the UK’s climate ambitions for 2035 will put Net Zero within reach and change the UK for the better”, 9 December 2020, https://www.theccc.org.uk/2020/12/09/buildingback-better-raising-the-uks-climate-ambitions-for-2035-will-put-net-zero-within-reach-and-change-the-uk-for-thebetter/#:~:text=Under%20the%20UK%20Climate%20Change,be%20legislated%20by%20June%202021

⁵⁰⁵⁰: The Economist, “How Britain decarbonized faster than any other rich country”, 15 February 2021, https://www. economist.com/britain/2021/02/15/how-britain-decarbonised-faster-than-any-other-rich-country

⁵¹⁵¹: European Commission, “Questions and Answers: An open, sustainable and assertive trade policy”, 18 February 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_645

⁵²⁵²: European Alternative Fuels Observatory, “Alternative fuels, Vehicles and fleet, Norway”, July 2020, https://www.eafo.eu/ countries/norway/1747/incentives

⁵³⁵³: International Labor Organization (ILO), World Employment and Social Outlook 2018 – Greening with jobs, 14 May 2018, https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_628654/lang—en/index.htm

⁵⁴⁵⁴: The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, “Delivering on the SDGs through clean cooking”, https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/11416Global%20Alliance%20for%20Clean%20Cookstoves%20 -%20Delivering%20on%20the%20SDGs%20through%20Clean%20Cooking.pdf

⁵⁵⁵⁵: United Nations, “Inclusive, Networked Multilateralism Vital for Better World Governance, Says Secretary-General, at General Assembly’s Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Meeting”, 21 September 2020, https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ sgsm20264.doc.htm

⁵⁶⁵⁶: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Climate Action Pathways, 2021, https://unfccc. int/climate-action/marrakech-partnership/reporting-and-tracking/climate_action_pathways

⁵⁷⁵⁷: World Economic Forum, “Mission Possible Partnership”, https://www.weforum.org/projects/mission-possible-platform

⁵⁸⁵⁸: Race To Zero, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Transforming Our Systems Together: A global challenge to accelerate sector breakthroughs for COP26 – and beyond, 2021, https://racetozero. unfccc.int/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs-Transforming-Our-Systems-Together.pdf

⁵⁹⁵⁹: UK Government, “UK sets ambitious new climate target ahead of UN Summit”, 3 December 2020, https://www.gov.uk/ government/news/uk-sets-ambitious-new-climate-target-ahead-of-un-summit

⁶⁰⁶⁰: UK Government, The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, November 2020, https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936567/10_POINT_PLAN_BOOKLET.pdf

⁶¹⁶¹: International Airlines Group, “Flightpath net zero”, https://www.iairgroup.com/en/sustainability/flightpath-net-zero

⁶²⁶²: One World, “oneworld member airlines commit to net zero carbon emissions by 2050”, 11 September 2020, https:// www.oneworld.com/news/2020-09-11-oneworld-member-airlines-commit-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions-by-2050

⁶³⁶³: General Motors, “Reducing Carbon Impact”, 2019 Sustainability Report, https://www.gmsustainability.com/materialtopics/reducing-carbon-impact.html

⁶⁴⁶⁴: Nestlé, “Nestlé sets out plan to half emissions by 2030 and be net zero by 2050”, 3 December 2020, https://www.nestle. co.uk/en-gb/media/pressreleases/allpressreleases/nestle-global-roadmap-to-achieve-net-zero

⁶⁵⁶⁵: NDC Partnership, https://ndcpartnership.org/

⁶⁶⁶⁶: Gulati, Manisha et al, The Economic Case for Greening the Global Recovery through Cities: 7 priorities for national governments, 14 September 2020, https://urbantransitions.global/en/publication/the-economic-case-for-greening-theglobal-recovery-through-cities/

⁶⁷⁶⁷: UK Government, The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review, 14 August 2019, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review

⁶⁸⁶⁸: World Energy Council and Marsh & McLennan, Cyber challenges to the Energy Transition, 2019, https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/Cyber_Challenges_to_the_Energy_Transition_WEC_MMC_2019.pdf

⁶⁹⁶⁹: World Bank, “Mineral Production to Soar as Demand for Clean Energy Increases”, 11 May 2020, https://www.worldbank. org/en/news/press-release/2020/05/11/mineral-production-to-soar-as-demand-for-clean-energy-increases

⁷⁰⁷⁰: International Maritime Organization (IMO), The International Maritime Organization’s Initial Greenhouse Gas Strategy, April 2018, https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/IMO_GHG_StrategyFInalPolicyUpdate042318.pdf

⁷¹⁷¹: Ember, EU Power Sector in 2020, https://ember-climate.org/project/eu-power-sector-2020/

⁷²⁷²: International Energy Agency (IEA), Digitalisation and Energy, November 2017, https://www.iea.org/reports/digitalisationand-energy

⁷³⁷³: Northern Lights, “Accelerating decarbonisation”, https://northernlightsccs.com

⁷⁴⁷⁴: Government of Chile, National Green Hydrogen Strategy, November 2020, https://energia.gob.cl/sites/default/files/ national_green_hydrogen_strategy_-_chile.pdf

⁷⁵⁷⁵: International Energy Agency (IEA), “Cities are at the frontline of the energy transition”, 7 September 2016, https://www.iea.org/news/cities-are-at-the-frontline-of-the-energy-transition

⁷⁶⁷⁶: Accenture, To Affinity and Beyond: From Me to We, The Rise of the Purpose-led Brand, 2018, https://www.accenture. com/_acnmedia/Thought-Leadership-Assets/PDF/Accenture-CompetitiveAgility-GCPR-POV.pdf

⁷⁷⁷⁷: Lauchlan, Stuart, “Bringing sustainability in from the corporate sidelines – a post-pandemic enterprise ambition from Accenture and Salesforce”, 29 January 2021, Diginomica, https://diginomica.com/bringing-sustainability-corporatesidelines-post-pandemic-enterprise-ambition-accenture-and

⁷⁸⁷⁸: Business Wire, “Accenture Sets Industry-Leading Net-Zero, Waste and Water Goals”, 8 October 2020, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201008006080/en/Accenture-Sets-Industry-Leading-Net-Zero-Wasteand-Water-Goals

⁷⁹⁷⁹: Accenture, The European double up, 22 January 2021, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/strategy/europeandouble-up

⁸⁰⁸⁰: Accenture, The green behind the cloud, 22 September 2020, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/strategy/greenbehind-cloud

⁸¹⁸¹: Oil and Gas Climate Initiative, https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com

⁸²⁸²: Oil and Gas Climate Initiative, “Our portfolio: Recycling carbon dioxide”, https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/climateinvestments/investment-portfolio-recycling-carbon-dioxide-ccus/

⁸³⁸³: Total, “Climate Indicators: GHG – Scope 1 (operated scope)”, https://www.sustainable-performance.total.com/en/ climate-indicators

⁸⁴⁸⁴: Accenture, “Accenture Introduces Green Technology Suite to Help Organizations Use IT to Assess and Improve Green Agenda”, 23 July 2008, https://newsroom.accenture.com/subjects/technology/accenture-introduces-green-technologysuite-to-help-organizations-use-it-to-assess-and-improve-green-agenda.htm

⁸⁵⁸⁵: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), “Commitments to Net Zero Double in Less Than a Year”, 21 September 2020, https://unfccc.int/news/commitments-to-net-zero-double-in-less-than-a-year

⁸⁶⁸⁶: Climate Finance Leadership Initiative, Financing the Low Carbon Future: A Private-Sector View on Mobilizing Climate Finance, September 2019, https://data.bloomberglp.com/company/sites/55/2019/09/Financing-the-Low-CarbonFuture_CFLI-Full-Report_September-2019.pdf

⁸⁷⁸⁷: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5˚C, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/

⁸⁸⁸⁸: International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Investment 2020, May 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energyinvestment-2020

⁸⁹⁸⁹: The fossil fuel reserves held by the top 100 listed coal companies and the top 100 listed oil and gas companies represent potential emissions of 745 GtCO2. This exceeds the remaining global carbon budget of 565 GtCO2 by 180 GtCO2 (30% over). Source: https://www.banktrack.org/download/unburnable_carbon/unburnablecarbonfullrev2.pdf

⁹⁰⁹⁰: Financial Times, “Analysts expect as much as $500bn of green bonds in bumper 2021”, 3 January 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/021329aa-b0bd-4183-8559-0f3260b73d62

⁹¹⁹¹: Climate Finance Leadership Initiative, Financing the Low Carbon Future: A Private-Sector View on Mobilizing Climate Finance, September 2019, https://data.bloomberglp.com/company/sites/55/2019/09/Financing-the-Low-CarbonFuture_CFLI-Full-Report_September-2019.pdf

⁹²⁹²: BNP Paribas, “The Ascent of Sustainability-linked Bonds”, 16 December 2020, https://cib.bnpparibas.com/sustain/theascent-of-sustainability-linked-bonds_a-3-3900.html#

⁹³⁹³: International Capital Market Association (ICMA), Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles: Voluntary Process Guidelines, June 2020, https://www.icmagroup.org/assets/documents/Regulatory/Green-Bonds/June-2020/Sustainability-LinkedBond-Principles-June-2020-171120.pdf

⁹⁴⁹⁴: European Central Bank (ECB), “ECB to accept sustainability-linked bonds as collateral”, 22 September 2020, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2020/html/ecb.pr200922~482e4a5a90.en.html

⁹⁵⁹⁵: World Bank, “World Bank Announces $14 Million Bond Payment for Methane and Nitrous Oxide Reduction”, 3 December 2020, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/12/03/world-bank-announces-14-million-bond-paymentfor-methane-and-nitrous-oxide-reduction?cid=EXT_WBEmailShare_EXT

⁹⁶⁹⁶: Ra, Sungsup and Zhigang Li, Closing the Financing Gap in Asian Infrastructure, June 2018, Asian Development Bank, ADB South Asia Working Paper Series No. 57, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/431261/swp-057- financing-gap-asian-infrastructure.pdf

⁹⁷⁹⁷: Handler, Brad and Morgan Bazilian, “Securitization a Useful Financing Tool for Transition From Coal”, Power, 23 November 2020, https://www.powermag.com/securitization-a-useful-financing-tool-for-transition-from-coal/