BSc in Botany and Zoology and PhD in Plant Genetics, University of London. Formerly: Lecturer in Genetics, University of London; 1987-97, Research Fellow, Science and Technology Policy, University of Sussex, focussing on the life sciences and biotechnology; 1997-2006, Director, Nuffield Council on Bioethics, on secondment from University of Sussex. Former Member, national committees including, DFID Commission on Intellectual Property Rights in Development. Since 1998, published widely on development of public policy for biotechnology, particularly intellectual property rights.