Graduate, Department of Accountancy, Central University of Finance and Economics, China. 1968-78, with Guishan Coal Mine, Yunnan Province; 1979-85: Vice-President and Deputy Director, Jiangsu Branch, Agricultural Bank of China; Deputy Director, Feng County, Jiangsu Province; 1985-90, Vice-President, Agricultural Bank of China; 1990-93: Vice-Chairman and President, Bank of Communications; Chairman, China Pacific Insurance Co.; 1993-95, Deputy Governor, People's Bank of China; 1995-2002, Governor, People's Bank of China; 1997, Chairman, First Session of Monetary Policy Committee, People's Bank of China; 2002, Deputy Secretary, CPC Central Finance Work Committee; 2002-07, Deputy Secretary, CPC Tianjin Municipal Committee and Mayor of Tianjin; since January 2008, current position. Alternate Member, 14th CPC Central Committee. Member, 15th, 16th and 17th CPC Central Committees.