With French Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies: 1965-71, Economist; 1973-76, Head, Economic Studies of Firms; 1976-78, Head, Medium-Term Macroeconomic Forecasting. 1979-81, Head, Centre on International Economics under French Planning Agency; 1981-82, Economic Adviser for External Affairs to President of France; 1982-85, Deputy Secretary-General, French Presidency; 1985-88, General Finance Inspector, Ministry of Finance, France; 1988-90, Deputy Secretary-General, French Presidency under President François Mitterand; 1991-93, Government Representative, Préfet, Paris; 1993-97, General Finance Inspector, Minister of Economy, Finance and Industry; 1997, Minister of State for the Economy, France, in charge of budget; 1999-2001, Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry, France; since 2001, Deputy Mayor of Paris, France.