Bachelor's in Economics, Bocconi University; MPhil in Economics, Cambridge University. Formerly: with Research and Supervisory Departments, Bank of Italy; Head, Financial Supervision Division, European Central Bank; Secretary-General, Committee of European Banking Supervisors (CEBS), dealing with technical aspects of EU banking legislation, supervisory convergence and cooperation within the EU; Head, Regulation and Supervisory Policy Department, Bank of Italy. Since 2011, first Chairman, European Banking Authority.