Graduate, University of Paris IX Dauphine; PhD in Economics, Institut d'Études Politiques, Paris; 1987-94, Professor of Economics, University of Libreville; 1987-90, Economic Adviser to Minister of Trade and Secretary of State, in charge of Cultural Affairs, Gabonese Government; 1990-94, Economic and Financial Adviser to Prime Minister; 1994-2002, Alternate Executive Director, then Executive Director of the Board, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, representing 24 African countries. Member of the Board, International Institute for Africa. Recipient of awards from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger and Togo.