Doctorate in Economic Sciences, Université de Paris, Panthéon; PhD in Management Economy, London Graduate School of Business Studies. Formerly, training with French bank and French Bank of Foreign Trade; Senior Professor, Dean of Law Faculty and Economic Sciences, Algiers University; 1981, UN Principal Technical Chancellor, Bénin; Inter-Regional Counsellor of Development Economy and Political Economics Management, Secretary-General's Office, New York; 1992-95: with UN Programme of Development; with Communication Ministry and Armament Ministry; Economic and Social Department Manager, Political Bureau of National Liberation Front Party; Minister of Coordination of Reformation; Minister of Trade.